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Hasegawa, Raiden B.; Deshpande, Sameer K.; Small, Dylan S.; Rosenbaum, Paul R. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2020
Causal effects are commonly defined as comparisons of the potential outcomes under treatment and control, but this definition is threatened by the possibility that either the treatment or the control condition is not well defined, existing instead in more than one version. This is often a real possibility in nonexperimental or observational…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Inferences, Randomized Controlled Trials, Experimental Groups
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Piper, Benjamin; Jepkemei, Evelyn; Kibukho, Kennedy – Africa Education Review, 2015
Children from low-income families are at risk of learning outcome difficulties, particularly in literacy. Various studies link poor literacy results with performance later in primary and secondary school, and suggest that poverty, literacy skills and weak instructional methods combine to drastically limit the educational opportunities for many…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Emergent Literacy, Skill Development, Educational Improvement