Literacy levels in Africa are low, and school instruction outcomes are not promising. Africa also has a disproportionate number of unschooled children. Phonological awareness (PA), especially phoneme awareness, is critically associated with literacy, but there is little evidence about whether PA is gained through literacy, schooling, or both,…

Relationships between attention/executive functions and language learning were investigated in students in Grades 4 to 9 (N = 88) with and without specific learning disabilities (SLDs) in multiword syntax in oral and written language (OWL LD), word reading and spelling (dyslexia), and subword letter writing (dysgraphia). Prior…

Measurement of cognitive abilities using the Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Tasks of 94 learning disabled fourth- and fifth-grade children found that a linear combination of reading and mathematics achievement yielded a significant positive correlation to cognitive ability. No sex differences were found. (Author/DB)