Research shows that gamified learning experiences can effectively improve the outstanding issues of students in online learning, such as lack of continuous motivation and easy burnout, thereby improving the effectiveness of online learning. However, how to enhance the gamified learning experience in online learning, and what impact there is…

A lot of studies have shown that there is an "inverse U-curve" relationship between learners' grades and cognitive load. Learners' grades are closely related to their learning behavior characteristics on online learning. Is there any relationship between online learners' behavior characteristics and cognitive load? Based on this, the…

This study extends the community of inquiry (CoI) framework and empowerment theory by exploring the relationships between motivational variables, CoI variables, learning presence, and empowerment. We added motivational beliefs (growth mindset, self-efficacy, and task value) as associated variables and learning presence (online self-regulation) as…

Online learning as an emerging learning method has a significant impact on education, which cannot be ignored. This article explores the relationship between engagement (including cognition, behavior and emotion), motivation, environment, and college students' concentration in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 889 college…

The effects of COVID-19 remained significant on university students' social and academic well-being. The pandemic raised various mental and psychological challenges for the students, and had the potential to deteriorate their academic engagement and performance in online learning environments. The emotion regulation theory hypothesizes that…

Engagement plays an important role in students' success in learning. While learner engagement has been widely examined, the degree to which learners engage in online learning and the relationship between online engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in the domain of second/foreign (L2) language learning, still remain under-explored. To…

The efficacy of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for undergraduate college level courses was not well established and specifically, the Pearson Dynamic Study Modules (PDSM) program had not been investigated locally. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether the use of an ITS designed with a cognitive learning approach; the…

Instructor leadership is widely recognized as essential for facilitating meaningful online learning in higher education. While previous studies have applied organizational leadership theories to the study of instructor leadership, fewer studies have investigated online instructor leadership. This predictive correlational study detailed the…

Purpose: This study aims to look at the relationship between extraneous cognitive load and germane cognitive load and how the use of cognitive learning strategies might moderate the relationship. Design/methodology/approach: This present study used survey data (n = 440) from randomly selected students taking large online classes in South Korea.…

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the abrupt transition to virtual learning environments based on Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) has posed significant challenges for teachers at all levels of education. The challenges of the pandemic revealed the significance of cognitive flexibility as a cognitive skill and grit as a noncognitive skill for teachers…

Quality of instruction within media-rich environments is an important aspect of the online learning process. Instructors need to avoid the presentation of confusing content caused by diverse forms of media, which can induce higher levels of extraneous processing and negatively affect germane cognitive load. Maintaining high levels of germane load…

This study aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth investigation of the debugging process in programming teaching in terms of cognitive and metacognitive aspects, based on programming students who demonstrate low, medium, and high programming performance and to propose instructional strategies for scaffolding novice learners in an effective…

This study used wrap-up effects on eye movements to assess the relationship between online reading behavior and comprehension. Participants, assessed on measures of reading, vocabulary, and spelling, read short passages that manipulated whether a syntactic boundary was "unmarked" by punctuation, "weakly marked" by a comma, or…

Online learning is one of the fastest growing trends in education. A practical problem faced by instructional designers and online instructors is how to design an interactive learning activity that benefits content mastery without adding technological barriers. The online discussion forum provides quick solutions because it is usually ready for…

People often make use of a spatial "mental time line" to represent events in time. We investigated whether the eyes follow such a mental time line during online language comprehension of sentences that refer to the past, present, and future. Participants' eye movements were measured on a blank screen while they listened to these…