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Bita Aghaei Aghdam; Mahnaz Saeidi; Farahman Farrokhi – Language Teaching Research, 2025
Research has underscored the separate role of output to promote processing instruction (PI) effects in language learning. Yet, there is a need to scrutinize the interplay between structured output (SO) and unstructured output (USO) within PI to understand how innovative combinations may enhance ultimate educational attainment. The present…
Descriptors: Grammar, Teaching Methods, Language Processing, Second Language Learning
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Zare, Samaneh; Boori, Ali Akbar – International Journal of Language Testing, 2018
In this study, the cloze-elide test was developed and administered under time constraints. This research is aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the speeded cloze-elide test and investigate its relationship with reading comprehension, C-Test, and multiple-choice cloze test. Processing speed is a vital indicator to distinguish high to…
Descriptors: Cloze Procedure, Timed Tests, Language Tests, English (Second Language)
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Kim, Peter – Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 2019
Energy Conservation Theory of Second Language Acquisition (ECT-L2A) (Han, Bao, & Wiita, 2017b), an interdisciplinary theory juxtaposing a physics perspective and an applied linguistics perspective, conceptualizes individuals' ultimate attainment as a function of dynamic transformation of endogenous and exogenous energies throughout the…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Prediction