Periods of silence in counseling groups may be productive or nonproductive for individual members. Specific constructive counselor behaviors are presented for dealing with silence in counseling groups. (Author)

Investigates the pattern of clients' precounseling expectancies, whether these differ for male and female clients, and the relationship between clients' expected content emphasis and the actual emphasis during counseling sessions. (Author)

This research examined use of reciporcity procedures with married couples in a group format. Couples (N=7), enrolled in a non-credit extension course, participated in an eight-week workshop. Commitment to and optimism about marriage and ratings on three of nine areas of couple interaction significantly increased over the eight-week period. (Author)

Investigates the amount of structure furnished by the leader in the group experience over a nine-week period and its effects on measures of self-concept and self-actualization. (Author)

A study involving 541 female students, in four grade levels in an urban commercial secondary school is reported. It was concluded that individual and group counselling have distinctively different effects, and that these effects tend to last for extended periods (at least one year) without reinforcement. (Author)