According to broad definition of culture, multicultural perspective applies to all counseling relationships. Multiculturalism may be described as fourth force (complementary to forces of psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic explanations of human behavior) in counseling from its own theoretical perspective. There are advantages to defining…

Reviews 3 theoretical models of client resistance in counseling: anxiety control, noncompliance, and negative social influence. Describes 22 commonly observed client resistance behaviors in 4 separate categories: response quantity resistance, response content resistance, response style resistance, and logistic management resistance. (Author/ABL)

Reflects on contributions of Milton H. Erickson from which modern mind-body counseling interventions originate using Beatrice Wright's principles of attention to individual needs, respect for situational complexities, and flexibility. Includes strategies to develop rapport, therapeutic use of imagery, reframing, and other paradoxical techniques…

Presents brief review of major advances in multicultural counseling and psychotherapy literature and research. Emphasizes construct of "worldview" and how knowledge and understanding of client worldview leads to more effective, ethical, sensitive, and client-specific counseling and development activities and interventions. Reviews…

Attempts to redefine multicultural counseling using Afrocentric, holistic, optimal theory that views individuals as unique manifestations of spirit, thus sharing a common core. Viewing all counseling as multicultural, reconceptualizes multicultural counseling competencies as fundamental counseling skills achieved through self-knowledge and shift…

Examines competence in terms of practitioner's worldview. Explores the history of how frames of reference are influenced by secular intelligence and how imprecision of commonly used terms limits conceptual competence. Presents more precise multicultural lexicon as means of fostering critical thinking about competence in multicultural research and…

Discusses how attachment theory can be useful strategy for producing therapeutic change and more productive client functioning. Addresses basic attachment theory concepts and parallels between counseling and attachment. Provides case example to focus, integrate, and elaborate elements presented. (Author)