In 1906, the Carnegie unit, or credit hour, was introduced to standardize U.S. public education. It defined the precise number of minutes students needed to learn a particular subject and the number of credit hours required to earn a high school or college degree. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Carnegie unit served the important purpose of…

This dissertation describes the impact of a new blended virtual program on a school district. The dissertation focuses on the 2021-22 school year, when the school district initiated a blended virtual program to help educate students. The research compared credits earned and not earned by students in grades 9-12 who participated in the blended…

As state-level Seals of Biliteracy for high school graduates become more common, postsecondary language programs face questions about how to recognize this credential. While scholarship has examined the implementation of state Seals in secondary education, less attention has been paid to the role of postsecondary language programs in this new…

M-DCPS had 21,354 graduates in the 2022-2023 academic year. Ninety two percent of students achieved a standard diploma (24 credits). Some students opted for an international curriculum pathway, with 846 (4%) attaining an Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE) diploma, and 436 (2%) obtaining an International Baccalaureate (IB)…

This study aims to examine whether recent educational attempts to prepare students for the future can open up the future, using South Korea's 'high school credit system' as an example. To provide differentiated instruction that recognizes differences and maximizes students' potential, the Korean government recently launched a 'high school credit…

This paper estimates the effects of earning industry-recognized certifications (IRCs) in high school on downstream outcomes. IRCs are a form of alternative education credential issued by industry groups or corporations to individuals seeking to acquire knowledge or skills in a particular sector. This credential type has grown rapidly among high…

This non-experimental, quantitative study investigated the association between the number of high school mathematics credits earned and college attendance. Specifically, this study examined the relationship for graduates of Kansas City Missouri Public Schools (KCPS) and Kansas City Kansas Public Schools (KCKPS) in the 2017-2018, 2018-2019 and…

The United States is facing a high school dropout crisis. One of the early warning indicators of high school dropout is chronic absenteeism. This mixed-methods, post-hoc, hermeneutic, descriptive design study seeks to investigate the reported and self-reported attendance barriers for overage, under-credited (OU), at-risk, urban high school youth…

Career and Technical Education (CTE) course equivalencies provide students with the opportunity to meet the learning standards for a specific core subject while simultaneously earning credit for the aligned CTE course within a single CTE class. Each year, according to Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 28A.300.236, the Office of Superintendent of…

Computer Science (CS) education is an emergent growth area in schools worldwide. This paper explores how CS education has evolved at the high school level (grades 10-12) in the Canadian province of Alberta over the past decade after a reorganization and curriculum redesign of its Computing Science Education (CSE) program. In partnership with…

The demand for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses in education aligns with the need to advance society through innovation and research. Proficiency in STEM courses and curriculum is critical for nations to become global economic leaders. However, the majority of students in high school do not participate in STEM…

This study compares the costs of a school-based online credit recovery model to more traditional teacher-directed credit recovery using rigorous cost analysis methods. Findings indicate that differences in the comprehensive costs for online and teacher-directed credit recovery classes are small. However, cost differences across the two models of…

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted educational systems, leading to significant learning loss and credit deficiencies among high school students, particularly in California's comprehensive high schools. This research addressed these challenges by exploring innovative strategies through a social-ecological model and ecological systems theory to improve…

In four years of high school education some students do not achieve the appropriate number of credits to receive a diploma. To support over-age, under-credited students, each high school has to intervene. Schools need to find ways to help students receive the credits needed, allow students to go beyond four years to graduate, or drop out of high…

Background: Over the past decade, schools across the United States increasingly turned to online learning (Gemin, Pape, Vashaw, & Watson, 2015; Queen & Lewis, 2011). While many espouse the promise of online credit recovery (OCR) courses, the abrupt shift to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic renewed concerns about theses courses'…