A framework for integrating the many conceptions of criterion-referenced testing is provided, which illustrates that there is no single type of test that can be identified as the prototype criterion-referenced test. The use of one kind of criterion-referenced test may not be applicable to another. (Author/RL)

A framework, or classification scheme, is provided for displaying the spectrum of criterion-referenced tests. This framework illustrates that no single type of test can be identified as the absolute prototype criterion-referenced test. It is shown that over the past 115 years criterion-referenced testing has grown to be a many-faceted concept, its…

Criterion-referencing is a way to enhance the interpretation of test scores by referencing them to well-defined behavior domains. Behavior domains may be ordered or unordered; several varieties of criterion-referenced tests within each of these types are discussed. (Author/RL)

These four characteristics inherent in criterion-referenced tests form the central theme of this paper: (1) The classes of behaviors that define different achievement levels are specified as clearly as possible before the test is constructed; (2) Each behavior class is defined by a set of test situations (that is, test tasks) in which the…

Item analysis procedures appropriate for domain-referenced classroom testing are described. A conceptual framework within which item statistics can be considered and promising statistics in light of this framework are presented. The sampling fluctuations of the more promising item statistics for sample sizes comparable to the typical classroom…

The development, formative evaluation, and potential uses of the "Sixteen Quality Indicators" (16 QI) rating scale are described. The scale was developed as a systematic way to rate the quality of Skill Qualifications Tests (SQTs) in the United States Army. An SQT measures a soldier's knowledge of a military occupational specialty. It is…

The nature and purpose of criterion-referenced testing is discussed in light of test design procedures. It is seen that the uses to which test results are put are the chief determiners of the appropriate measurement model. A distinction is made between cut-off scores, criterion scores, and mastery scores. The value of certain test construction…

Criterion-referenced testing is defined and some of its background is discussed. A distinction is made between criterion-referenced scores, norm-referenced scores, cut-off scores, criterion scores, criterion variables, and content-standard scores. The relationship between norm-referenced information and criterion-referenced information is…

This paper presents a conceptual framework for organizing and relating the many confusing concepts associated with continuous assessment (CA) practices. Curriculum-based criterion-referenced CA is shown to have two major components: formative and summative assessment of student learning. The nature of these components and their interrelationships…

This paper evaluates existing national examination development processes in light of changes created by curriculum reform, and the restructuring and expansion of basic education. A model is proposed that creates a strong alignment of national examinations and a national basic education curriculum. Practical examples from Botswana, where the model…