Misleading data visualizations have become a significant issue in our information-rich world due to their negative impact on informed decision-making. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the factors that make viewers vulnerable to misleading data visualizations and to explore effective instructional supports that can help viewers combat the…

The deep and surface learning approaches are closely related to the students' interaction with learning content and learning outcomes. While students with a surface approach have a tendency to acquire knowledge without questioning and to try to pass courses with minimum effort, students with a deep learning approach tend to use more skills such as…