This qualitative study explores the experiences of 3 generations of Pakistani Americans with an aim to understand the contributing factors to their cultural identity and the meaning of their experiences. The sample consists of 1st-, 1.5-, and 2nd-generation Pakistani Americans. Data were collected via semistructured interviews and a focus group…

A multicultural-ecological (M-Eco) method assesses multiple levels of a client's presentation, such as individual, micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chronosystems. An M-Eco method is a culturally sensitive practice of Bronfenbrenner's (1995) ecological perspective that focuses on behavior's contextual and interactional nature and an individual's…

An immersion training model is described that incorporates culturally focused community-centered service in South Africa as an experiential learning approach. Recommendations for developing international cultural immersion training with a goal of developing cultural competencies are suggested.

In this qualitative study, the authors explored definitions of multicultural competence given by 99 frontline human service providers. The providers had no formal training in counseling but served in a helping role. Seven thematic definitions emerged: color blindness, client focused, acknowledgment of cultural differences, textbook consistent,…

This study investigated the cross-cultural differences on state, trait, and social anxiety between Chinese and Caucasian American university students. Chinese students reported higher levels of social anxiety than did Caucasian American students. Correlations between trait and state anxiety were compared in light of the trait model of…

This study outlines the development of a scale designed to measure supervisory issues unique to international students. A factor analysis yielded a 1-factor scale that showed good internal consistency and was correlated with supervisees' acculturation level, satisfaction with supervision, and supervisors' sensitivity to diversity issues.…

Identifies 10 of the most frequently encountered examples of cultural bias that consistently emerge in the literature about multicultural counseling and development. Assumptions are described in the areas of normal behavior, individualism, limits of academic disciplines, dependence on abstract words, independence, client support systems, linear…

The following article examines the importance of meaningful discussion of race and ethnicity in cross-cultural supervision. They identify common errors in cross-cultural supervision. Through a case illustration, the authors showcase problems that may arise when racial and cultural factors are inappropriately addressed. Strategies for effective…

Reviews historical and current problems with making accurate psychological diagnoses of African Americans. Suggests that misdiagnosis is strongly related to pathologization of African-American culture itself. Explores diagnostic process, stereotypes of African-American psychopathology, cultural differences in values and life stressors, and…

Notes that Maori leaders contend that New Zealand's schools have failed to meet needs of Maori students, who experience high drop-out rates and low academic achievement. Reports that many Maoris are demanding separate educational system for their youth. Notes need for adequate and appropriate guidance and counseling services for Maori youth, and…

A review of the American professional counseling literature brings to light 5 patterns concerning research related to counseling international students in this article. Emergent themes include universal vs. subgroup characteristics, environmental vs. personal factors, developmental vs. pathological perspectives, counseling goals, and…

Reports of supervisors' and supervisees' critical incidents in multicultural supervision were used to (a) explore events in supervision that influenced supervisees' multicultural competence, (b) explore how supervision was experienced differently by supervisors and supervisees, and (c) identify recommendations for improving multicultural…

Archival data were used to explore intake judgments made by 45 counselors about 344 African American and white clients seen at a counseling center during a 2-year period. Counselor gender was significantly associated with ratings of client severity of current condition. Neither ethnicity nor counselor experience was predictive of intake judgments.…

School counselors are poised to play a significant role within comprehensive school counseling programs in addressing the needs of immigrant children in schools. The authors describe how school counselors can have a positive impact on the adjustment of immigrant students by building cross-cultural bridges through the use of cross-cultural…

Investigated the relative importance of multicultural counselors' experience or training in their choice of intercultural, interpersonal, or psychopathological attributions when interpreting 20 brief multicultural critical incidents. An inverse correlation was found between experience or training and emphasis on intercultural, as opposed to…