Differences in test scores can be attributed to various causes, including genuine knowledge differences, test-taking abilities, and irrelevant and biased questions. The Golden Rule reform is a safeguard to ensure that standardized tests measure relevant knowledge differences between test takers and not irrelevant, culturally specific factors. (JAZ)

The National Teachers Examination, criticized for cultural bias, is being replaced in many states by the "Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers." The new assessment focuses on portfolios and classroom style and includes evaluation of basic skills (in the sophomore year), subject area knowledge (on completion of…

Two reforms are suggested as ways to improve standardized testing. They are Truth-in-Testing legislation and the Golden Rule bias reduction principle. Test publishers, state departments of education, and colleges who administer tests are often reluctant to provide statistical data on test results. It is also difficult for researchers to see test…