A cross-cultural counseling model has five stages: emergence of career and vocational problems, help-seeking and use of career services, evaluation of problems, career interventions and outcomes. The model addresses recognition and removal of cultural barriers to help-seeking and culturally appropriate methods of diagnosis, assessment, and…

Cross-cultural issues in personality and career assessment include ethnocentrism; the concept of culture; whether personality is culturally constructed; and linguistic, conceptual, scale, and normative equivalencies of assessment instruments across cultures. Research should include broader cultural pools, and counseling must take a cross-cultural…

Reviews literature on (1) cultural validity of career assessment instruments with racial and ethnic minorities; (2) extent to which culture-specific variables influence career assessment; and (3) construction and validation of culture-specific measures. Finds more research on cultural validity than specificity and notes the need for more study of…