One frequently held assumption found within the school discipline literature suggests that students of color- particularly African American, male, low-income populations- are at an increased risk of receiving exclusionary discipline sanctions. Aside from race, gender, and socioeconomic status; however, less is known about other factors that…

Detailed technical reports of the findings from two preliminary field tests of a high school student questionnaire are presented. The questionnaire was developed to measure five major functions of schooling: (1) custody or control over students, (2) course selection, (3) student evaluation and certification, (4) instructional processes and (5)…