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Direct linkJohnston, Peter; Scanlon, Donna – Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 2021
Some children experience more difficulty than others becoming literate, often at great emotional, intellectual, social, and economic cost to themselves, but also to those who love and care for them, and for society at large. The causes of those difficulties and what to do about them have been the source of much research and sometimes heated…
Descriptors: Dyslexia, Reading Difficulties, Definitions, Reading Instruction
Ahram, Roey; Kramarczuk Voulgarides, Catherine; Cruz, Rebecca A. – Review of Research in Education, 2021
This chapter examines how studies focused on the same topic--disproportionality in special education--can generate vastly different conclusions about its sources and causes. By analyzing existing disagreements in the field, we explore essential questions about what constitutes high-quality and relevant evidence when seeking to understand how,…
Descriptors: Special Education, Students with Disabilities, Disproportionate Representation, Classification
Download full textCook, H. Gary; Linquanti, Robert – Council of Chief State School Officers, 2015
This report summarizes and further develops ideas discussed at a national working session held on May 23, 2014, to examine issues and options associated with initially classifying English learners (ELs). It is the third in a series of guidance papers intended to support states in large-scale assessment consortia that are expected to move toward a…
Descriptors: Classification, English Language Learners, Educational Practices, Educational Policy
Norwich, Brahm; Ylonen, Annamari; Gwernan-Jones, Ruth – Research Papers in Education, 2014
The concept of moderate learning difficulties (MLD) is not clearly understood in its definition and in its general use. Nevertheless, as a distinct area of special educational needs (SEN) this category has constituted about a quarter of all of those pupils identified as having SEN in England. This paper reports the analysis of findings from an…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Severity (of Disability), Definitions, Disability Identification
Buttner, Gerhard; Hasselhorn, Marcus – International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2011
Students with difficulties in specific cognitive processes and academic achievement with otherwise normal levels of intellectual functioning are classified as having a learning disability (LD). In spite of extensive recent research in a number of disciplines, controversial debate continues with regard to several issues. To reconcile some of them…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Disability Identification, Cognitive Processes, Definitions
Schalock, Robert L.; Borthwick-Duffy, Sharon A.; Bradley, Valerie J.; Buntinx, Wil H. E.; Coulter, David L.; Craig, Ellis M.; Gomez, Sharon C.; Lachapelle, Yves; Luckasson, Ruth; Reeve, Alya; Shogren, Karrie A.; Snell, Martha E.; Spreat, Scott; Tasse, Marc J.; Thompson, James R.; Verdugo-Alonso, Miguel A.; Wehmeyer, Michael L.; Yeager, Mark H. – American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010
This Manual contains the most current and authoritative information and knowledge on intellectual disability, including best practice guidelines on diagnosing and classifying intellectual disability and developing a system of supports for people living with an intellectual disability. Written by a committee of 18 experts, "Intellectual…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Developmental Disabilities, Classification, Definitions
Peer reviewedYsseldyke, James; And Others – Exceptional Children, 1983
In Study 1, 85 percent of 248 third-, fifth-, and twelfth- grade students identified as normal could have been classified learning disabled (LD). In Study 2, 88 percent of a low achieving fourth grade sample could have been identified as LD, with 4 percent not meeting any criteria for classification. (Author/CL)
Descriptors: Classification, Criteria, Definitions, Disability Identification
Peer reviewedYaruss, J. Scott – Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 1998
Reviews the history of the terms "impairment,""disability," and "handicap" in the stuttering literature and proposes alternate definitions that are more consistent with the use of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps. A model is proposed for discussing the outcomes of various…
Descriptors: Classification, Definitions, Disability Identification, Models
Fletcher, Jack M.; Lyon, G. Reid; Barnes, Marcia; Stuebing, Karla K.; Francis, David J.; Olson, Richard K.; Shaywitz, Sally E.; Shaywitz, Bennett A. – 2001
This paper reviews research on the classification of students with learning disability (LD). It first examines the evolution of LD definitions and the evidence for three components of LD classification: discrepancy, heterogeneity, and exclusion. It suggests that classification hypotheses involving discrepancy and exclusion have weak validity and…
Descriptors: Classification, Definitions, Disability Identification, Elementary Secondary Education
Peer reviewedGreenspan, Stephen – Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 1997
Discusses problems in the process used by the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) to redefine mental retardation and substantive problems with various definitions of mental retardation, including the former and new 1992 AAMR definition. Recommended elements in a new educational definition of mental retardation are presented. (CR)
Descriptors: Classification, Definitions, Disability Identification, Educational Diagnosis
Peer reviewedKamhi, Alan G. – Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 1998
Discusses what children with developmental language disorders should be called, how they should be defined, and how we might differentiate children with specific language impairments from other children with developmental language disorders. The lack of congruence between clinical and research constructs is discussed. (Author/CR)
Descriptors: Children, Classification, Clinical Diagnosis, Definitions
Peer reviewedSpagna, Michael E. – Remedial and Special Education, 1998
Discusses the definition of dyslexia, reintroduces the concept of marker variables, proposes a strategy for developing an updated marker variable system, presents a preliminary working set of dyslexia marker variables, and calls for eventual adoption of this or similar marker variable systems to facilitate future research efforts. (Author/CR)
Descriptors: Adults, Children, Classification, Clinical Diagnosis
Peer reviewedBerninger, Virginia W. – Annals of Dyslexia, 2001
It is argued the proposed definition of dyslexia is restricted to developmental dyslexia in which a student struggles to learn to read and does not apply to acquired dyslexia in which a previously normal reader loses reading functions. The need for classification schemes for defining specific learning disabilities is emphasized. (Contains…
Descriptors: Adults, Children, Classification, Definitions
Peer reviewedSalend, Spencer J.; Rohena, Elba – Intervention in School and Clinic, 2003
This article provides the American Psychiatric Association's definition of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and then gives an overview of ADD by considering the three types of ADD, the developmental impact of ADD, factors contributing to ADD, identification and assessment of students with ADD (emphasizing multimethod and consideration of…
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Disorders, Classification, Definitions, Disability Identification
Peer reviewedBaroff, George S. – Mental Retardation, 1999
This article discusses using the term "general learning disorder" instead of "mental retardation." It addresses the offensiveness of the current label, discusses ingredients needed in a more appropriate diagnostic term, and offers a proposed grouping of developmental disabilities based on cognitive ability, language ability, physical ability, and…
Descriptors: Adults, Children, Classification, Clinical Diagnosis
