Summarizes three generations of desegregation efforts since the "Brown" decision, highlighting parent voices. Argues that researchers and policymakers should focus on the broader sociocultural facets of desegregation. Uses personal recollections to show that African-American parents did not have to be formally invited to participate in…

Examines fundamental assumptions about desegregation. Briefly discusses Milwaukee's African-American immersion schools as a feasible strategy for educating African-American students. In predominantly African-American schools, African-American students' achievement levels surpass those of their peers in integrated schools. Given the limitations of…

Political efforts to desegregate schools fail when political opposition interacts with an institutional structure that ambiguously divides educational authority. Both factors explain failure of Yonkers, New York, to desegregate its schools during the 1960s and 1970s. This article cautions against abandoning school desegregation efforts and demands…