This article uses a variety of principles of cultural-historical activity theory to extend Herbert Simon's (1996) insight into the inherent linkage between the creation of artifacts and design. We argue that design research must grapple with the doubly artificial, as the classrooms in which many educational designs are implemented are themselves…

Interaction design is a user-centered approach to development in which users and their goals are the driving force behind a project's design. Interaction design principles are fundamental to the design and implementation of effective websites, but they are not sufficient. This article argues that, to reach its full potential, a website should also…

Some general philosophy about maps is presented in the introduction. It is noted that the main purpose of a map is to generate an intellectual response through visual symbols. Quantitative distribution maps present a number of design problems that have led to continuing investigations of graduated circles as point symbols. A summary of the…

The variety of searchable and printable formats of Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) data base records has led to different searching methods, which have fostered the confusing state of affairs wherein different results are possible for the same search; this 5-part report describes an investigation of ERIC online use that studied the…