Suspensions and expulsions have long been employed in schools to discipline students for disruptive behavior and maintain a safe school environment. However, a growing body of research suggests that these types of disciplinary interventions negatively impact student achievement and increase both students' risk of dropping out and their likelihood…

In recent decades, K-12 school discipline policies and practices have garnered increasing attention among researchers, policymakers, and educators. Disproportionalities in school discipline raise serious questions about educational equity. This study provides a comprehensive review of the extant literature on the contributors to racial, gender,…

The American Indian/Alaska Native Students in Oregon report has been prepared by the Office of Accountability, Research and Information Services for the Advisor to the Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction on Indian Education. It is being made available to the public and interested stakeholders to further conversations about improving…

Recently, the effects of school exclusion and criminalization of youth misbehavior has garnered much attention from the research community. The process associated with school exclusion and criminalization has been described popularly as a school to prison pipeline (STPP). Studies of school exclusion and criminalization repeatedly report evidence…

The Virginia Board of Education's "Student Conduct Policy Guidelines" were first developed in 1994 in response to action by the 1993 General Assembly requiring the Virginia Board of Education to establish such guidelines. In 2004, the "Guidelines" underwent a major revision in response to requirements of § 22.1-279.6. of the…

While disproportionality in discipline referrals and discipline action has been fairly well established among African American students in the United States, especially males in urban school districts, little research has looked at disproportionality among American Indian and Latino students. This paper uses a large dataset from the State of…

Discusses how PL94-142 may cause discipline dilemmas in schools, especially regarding suspension and expulsion, noting difficulties of determining separate discipline policies for handicapped and nonhandicapped students. Notes that the literature, the law, and the courts all point to the need for options for dealing with disciplining special…

Several exclusionary discipline practices used with handicapped learners are described. A survey of 253 principals identified the variability of disciplinary practices, as a function of geographic region, community size, principal's sex and years of experience, grade level, differential rules for handicapped and nonhandicapped students, and types…

This study examined whether acts leading to suspension or expulsion of students with disabilities were different from those committed by other students, based on a survey of 441 Kansas secondary school principals. Students with disabilities were found to be more than twice as likely to be suspended/expelled than other students, with 87 percent of…

One of the more controversial issues that has come before the courts since the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) concerns the imposition of disciplinary sanctions on students with disabilities. Because this issue is not directly addressed by the act, school administrators must turn to case law for guidance. This paper…

Data from the West Virginia Department of Education reveals that from September 1991 to January 1992, school districts reported 18,915 out-of-school suspensions involving 12,997 students. In 1995, the West Virginia State Legislature enacted the Safe Schools Act, which specifically mandates suspension for no less than 12 consecutive months for…

Presented in a question-and-answer format, this book provides information related to how schools can effectively discipline students. It reviews in detail the controlling directives of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1997 as it concerns students with disabilities and provides information on how the amended statute and new…

This policy statement from the Michigan Department of Education interprets federal provisions and the laws of the state as they may pertain to children receiving special education services. It describes disciplinary procedures for students already receiving special education services, students not yet eligible for special education, students…