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Yuan Peng; Yuan Liang; Yali Wang; Guangyan Yang – Early Education and Development, 2025
Research Findings: The present study aimed to investigate whether the trial-to-trial intraindividual reaction time variability (IIV), which reflects prefrontal cortex activity related to attentional and cognitive control, mediated the longitudinal effects of earlier harsh discipline on children's later externalizing problems. The study involved…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Elementary School Students, Early Experience, Trauma
Calvin Rashaud Zimmermann – Sociology of Education, 2024
Racial disproportionality in school discipline is a major U.S. educational problem. Official data show that Black boys are disciplined at the highest rates of any racial and gender subgroup. Scholars suggest the "criminal" Black male image shapes teachers' views and treatment of their Black male students. Yet few studies examine the…
Descriptors: Elementary Schools, Middle Schools, Middle School Students, Elementary School Students