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Huang, Yi Ting; Arnold, Jennifer E. – Discourse Processes: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2018
Reference production is often studied through single dimensions of contrast (e.g., "tall glass" when there are one or two glasses of varying height). Yet real-world communication is rarely so simple, raising questions about the factors guiding more complex referents. The current study examines decisions to mention set relations (e.g.,…
Descriptors: Decision Making, Vignettes, Discourse Analysis, Communication (Thought Transfer)
Järvikivi, Juhani; Schimke, Sarah; Pyykkönen-Klauck, Pirita – Discourse Processes: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2019
We often use pronouns like it or they without explicitly mentioned antecedents. We asked whether the human processing system that resolves such indirect pronouns uses the immediate visual-sensory context in multimodal discourse. Our results showed that people had no difficulty understanding conceptually central referents, whether explicitly…
Descriptors: Form Classes (Languages), Discourse Analysis, Semantics, Language Usage
Forsyth, Carol M.; Luce, Christine; Zapata-Rivera, Diego; Jackson, G. Tanner; Evanini, Keelan; So, Youngsoon – Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2019
This study investigated a new conversation-based assessment for English language learners. In this assessment, students converse with animated agents in natural language conversations to assess various aspects of English language learning. In a between subjects design, 31 students (N = 31) were asked questions by either the newly created system or…
Descriptors: English Language Learners, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Formative Evaluation
Çokal, Derya; Sturt, Patrick; Ferreira, Fernanda – Discourse Processes: A multidisciplinary journal, 2018
Two experiments explored the hypothesis that anaphors and demonstratives signal different procedural instructions: Whereas the anaphor "it" brings a concrete entity into a reader's focus, the demonstrative "this" directs the focus to a predicate proposition in a discourse representation. The findings from an online eye-tracking…
Descriptors: Language Processing, Eye Movements, Form Classes (Languages), Reading Processes
Galaczi, Evelina; Taylor, Lynda – Language Assessment Quarterly, 2018
This article on interactional competence provides an overview of the historical influences that have shaped theoretical conceptualisations of this construct as it relates to spoken language use, leading to the current view of it as involving both cognitive and social dimensions, and then describes its operationalisation in tests and assessment…
Descriptors: Communicative Competence (Languages), Second Language Learning, Language Tests, Evaluation Criteria
Gray, Bethany; Geluso, Joe; Nguyen, Phuong – ETS Research Report Series, 2019
In the present study, we take a longitudinal, corpus-based perspective to investigate short-term (over 9 months) linguistic change in the language produced for the spoken and written sections of the "TOEFL iBT"® test by a group of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners in China. The goal of the study is to identify patterns that…
Descriptors: Grammar, Computer Assisted Testing, Phrase Structure, Language Proficiency
Pham, Duc Huu – International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments, 2019
To help EFL learners realize the use of nominals and clauses in practicing productive skills of academic writing in English writing tests, experiments have been exploited using the tasks similar to those of internet-based test of English as a foreign language to determine the nominal and clause level information during sentence and paragraph…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Writing Skills, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Biber, Douglas; Gray, Bethany – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
One of the major innovations of the "TOEFL iBT"® test is the incorporation of integrated tasks complementing the independent tasks to which examinees respond. In addition, examinees must produce discourse in both modes (speech and writing). The validity argument for the TOEFL iBT includes the claim that examinees vary their discourse in…
Descriptors: Discourse Analysis, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Tests
Mann, Bruce, Ed. – Information Science Publishing, 2006
"Selected Styles in Web-Based Educational Research" is concerned with the most common research styles in Web-based teaching or learning. It is intended for practitioners, educators and students, who wish to learn how to conduct research in online teaching and learning, and helps define style in educational research methodology. To…
Descriptors: Electronic Learning, Feedback (Response), Language Usage, Educational Research