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What Do Linguistic Expressions Tell Us about Learners' Confusion? A Domain-Independent Analysis in MOOCs

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Atapattu, Thushari; Falkner, Katrina; Thilakaratne, Menasha; Sivaneasharajah, Lavendini; Jayashanka, Rangana – IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 2020

The substantial growth of online learning, and in particular, through massively open online courses (MOOCs), supports research into nontraditional learning contexts. Learners' confusion is one of the identified aspects which impact the overall learning process, and ultimately, course attrition. Confusion for a learner is an individual state of…

Descriptors: Electronic Learning, Online Courses, Psychological Patterns, Learning Processes

The Longitudinal Development of Grammatical Complexity at the Phrasal and Clausal Levels in Spoken and Written Responses to the "TOEFL iBT"® Test. Research Report. ETS RR-19-45

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Gray, Bethany; Geluso, Joe; Nguyen, Phuong – ETS Research Report Series, 2019

In the present study, we take a longitudinal, corpus-based perspective to investigate short-term (over 9 months) linguistic change in the language produced for the spoken and written sections of the "TOEFL iBT"® test by a group of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners in China. The goal of the study is to identify patterns that…

Descriptors: Grammar, Computer Assisted Testing, Phrase Structure, Language Proficiency