During the 19th century, America was transformed from an agrarian to an urban-industrial society. America became divided into a nation of rich and poor. Peter Cooper assumed the role of a reformer and became the spokesman for the poor. Cooper's reform efforts and his views on unions are discussed. (RM)

Reviews the coming of Blacks to Appalachia and the general character of their social and cultural development in the region. Focuses on the retreat from biracial education and biracial unionism in the early 1900s and how these failures affected the present status of Appalachian Blacks as some of America's poorest people. (CMG)

This book is a comprehensive history of the Glade Valley School in Allegheny County, North Carolina. It is filled with letters, newspaper reports, first-hand accounts, and photographs that trace the lives of its students and faculty back to opening day in January 1911. The school's site was chosen in 1909 and was deemed favorable because it was…

Examines the reasons behind the failure of poverty programs such as the War on Poverty, the Comprehensive Employment Training Administration (CETA), and the Great Society. Argues that ghettoized high school students need community action programs that will give them jobs while they are still in school. (FMW)

The role of the College of the City of New York (CCNY) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is described, particularly with regard to early Jewish immigrants. It is suggested that the myth of the "easy marriage" of Jewish values and American opportunities ignores the variety of Jewish culture and the drama of the vast…

Before 1944, when Great Britain's local education agencies were empowered to ensure that students were adequately clothed and fed, the Boots for the Bairns Fund sponsored by the Yorkshire Evening Post provided shoes for poor children in Leeds. This article reviews the fund's history from 1921 to 1939. (PGD)

This article reviews the historical development of elementary schools, particularly with respect to the miseducation of minority students. The author notes that the social stratification that characterizes American society is institutionalized within the school. Recommendations for an effective education for all students are made. (MT)

Discusses nineteenth-century U.S. efforts to educate poor children. Describes educational expansion during the period, which included monitorial charity schools, Sunday schools, and infant schools. Reviews antebellum perspectives on poverty and education. Examines school attendance in 1860 and the relationship between education and social…

Reprints a 1979 article that responded to a request from the Rockefeller Archives Center for an analysis of one foundation's activity with public schools over time. The original article traced the Ford Foundation's role in public education from 1960 through the 1970s. An addendum traces its role through the 1980s. (SM)

This essay discusses the roots, current shapes, and social and operational implications of mentoring young people in poverty. After an introductory first section on mentoring and the new voluntarism, Section II, "Recurring Fervor," notes recent increased interest in mentoring and traces the early manifestations of mentoring to 19th…

Compares federal job creation efforts of the 1970s to the Work Project Administration (WPA) program in the 1930s. Traces the development of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) and stresses the need to unite public and private resources to achieve both balanced economic growth and full employment. (SK)

Vast changes took place in urban benevolence toward poor females in the first half of the nineteenth century. Agencies started by upper-class women as private organizations to support needy women became agencies run by salaried, professional, male charity workers whose job it was to train and discipline poor females. (RM)

Argues that educational reform movements are cyclical and notes the absence of a concern for equity in many recent reports and studies on education reform. Proposes alternative reform measures to enhance equity for Blacks, the poor, and other minorities. (FMW)

This history of Lancaster, a nineteenth-century reform school for poor girls, illustrates the change in reform ideology from belief in the efficacy of family-style environment to concern for protecting the social order from "hereditarily deviant" children. The role of institutions as mechanisms for social control of the poor and of women…

It is more than a quarter century since Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, the first major Federal legislation authorizing funds for compensatory education for the disadvantaged, came into effect. In 1981, Chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act (ECIA) replaced Title I. Some Federal funding…