This study explored how and to what degree Education Service Agency (ESA) leaders apply business model innovation to promote organizational sustainability and growth. More specifically, this study aimed to unearth the successes, challenges, and outcomes ESA leaders have experienced in applying business model innovation. A basic qualitative approach, rooted in the theoretical framework of complexity theory, provided the versatility needed to address the research questions. This approach drew on the successes, challenges, and outcomes of business model innovation as examples from which ESA leaders could explore and experiment with practices that best fit their context and strategic priorities to promote agency sustainability and growth. The sample consisted of 13 ESA leaders of business model innovation representing 11 educational service agencies nationwide. Participants came from the Midwest, Northeast, Northwest and South, and represented a continuum of experience in applying business model innovation practices within the ESA context. Interviews of approximately one-hour in length were conducted virtually. Data analysis occurred in tandem with data collection utilizing concurrent constant comparative methods that attempted to generate a broad understanding of the data. Interviews, other documents, and observational notes were coded employing initial, focused, and thematic coding levels supported by Creswell and Creswell (2017). The culmination of the three coding levels led to the identification of six final themes. The findings gleaned from this study present a theory of change as a result of applying business model innovation which demonstrates the complexity of the change effort of business model innovation within the dynamic, complex system of the ESA context. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]