This article critically reflects upon the "divides" among actors within two currently popular education policies in low-income countries: decentralisation and Universal Primary Education (UPE). Current literatures suggest that the existing decentralisation framework tends to overlook the "divides" among actors that often impede…

This paper describes the history, organization, and administration of vocational education in the United States and Iraq, contrasting the highly centralized Iraqi system with the decentralized system in the United States. The paper also compares and contrasts the possible strengths and weaknesses of the two systems in terms of their organization,…

In many European countries, external as well as internal social, economic and political changes have brought about a marked need for professional training of managerial staff in education. This article is one in a series that springs out of a British Council sponsored conference held in the Czech Republic in 2003, organized jointly by the…

In 1974 local government in England underwent external and internal reform. The external reforms involved changes in governmental structures and functions, while the internal reforms involved the introduction of "corporate management," a concept stressing more centralized administration and fewer local executive bodies. This paper first…

This document presents comparative data concerning staff utilization under educational systems operated by the State as opposed to those operated by school districts. The study reported here used as its samples the Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the Australian States of Queensland and Victoria. Specifically, the study was…