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Manley, Robert J.; Hawkins, Richard J. – Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2009
"Designing School Systems for All Students" provides a clear methodology for school leaders, teachers, and school board members to follow as they redesign their schools for the benefit of students. The authors demonstrate how school leaders set the expectations for all students to learn and grow as important contributors to the culture. In the…
Descriptors: Educational Change, Boards of Education, Emotional Development, School Effectiveness
Frederiksen, John R.; Collins, Allan – 1990
The validity of educational tests used as critical measures of educational outcomes within a dynamic system is discussed. Validity becomes a problem if an educational system adapts itself to the characteristics of the outcome measures. The concept of systematically valid tests is introduced; these tests induce curricular and instructional changes…
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Cognitive Tests, Educational Assessment, Educational Change

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