Majority of clients counseled by advanced trainees or doctorate level staff viewed counseling experience positively while many clients of beginning practicum students viewed their counseling negatively. Findings suggest weaknesses in vocational counseling facilities, counselors skills, and in training beginning practicum students. (Author)

The results suggest that the vocational educational counseling by all treatments was reasonably effective in most of the areas investigated. The programmed self instruction, however, proved superior to either the individual or group treatment on several areas. (Author/BY)

This study assessed vocational-educational counseling at university counseling centers. Master's level staff and practicum students did most of the vocational counseling; innovative practices were few; and research and evaluation were limited. (Author)