Research findings suggest that centralization varies with certain institutional characteristics and that the nature of the graduate faculty, availability of funding, and staffing patterns are correlated with the degree of centralization. The historical development of graduate education is described. (Author/MLW)

This explorative essay considers some new developments in open-system theories of organizational interaction with relevant environments that might be useful for educational historians. The authors explore ways in which changes in the social meaning of the American high school may have led to structural and functional changes. Three dimensions of…