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Direct linkGischlar, Karen L.; Keller-Margulis, Milena; Faith, Erin L. – Contemporary School Psychology, 2019
With the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education (Improvement) Act (IDEA) in 2004, local education agencies (LEAs) were no longer required to employ an IQ-achievement discrepancy model in the identification of a specific learning disability (SLD). Rather, districts were permitted to use data from a Response to Intervention…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, School Psychology, Educational Legislation, Disabilities
Zirkel, Perry A. – Exceptional Children, 2018
This article provides a systematic and impartial analysis of the law, including hearing and review officer as well as judicial decisions, specific to the intersection of response to intervention (RTI) and school districts' ongoing affirmative obligation of child find. The results reveal that this intersection has not been the subject of…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, School Districts, Program Implementation, Disabilities
Reitelman Sokol, Ruth-Anne – ProQuest LLC, 2018
Schools and school districts must be accountable for improving the education and performance of all students within both general and special education. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) have undergone changes with a continued intent on making educational reforms. Response to…
Descriptors: Instructional Leadership, Administrator Attitudes, Leaders, Response to Intervention
Zirkel, Perry A. – Communique, 2018
Specific learning disability (SLD), although moderately declining in recent years, continues to account for the highest enrollment among the eligibility classifications under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Zirkel, 2013b). The recognition of response to intervention (RTI) in the 2004 amendments of the IDEA as an approach for…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Response to Intervention, Special Education, Eligibility
Cottrell, Joseph M.; Barrett, Courtenay A. – Psychology in the Schools, 2017
Debate regarding the causes of specific learning disabilities (SLDs), precise definitions of SLDs, and the most effective identification methods has persisted for over 50 years. Two prominent schools of thought regarding SLDs exist: (1) biological perspectives and (2) environmental perspectives. Three identification methods are outlined in the…
Descriptors: School Psychologists, Learning Disabilities, Response to Intervention, Children
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2018
The legal dimension of response to intervention (RTI) has been the subject of considerable professional confusion. This brief article addresses the issue in three parts. The first part provides an update of a previous iteration that compared 12 common conceptions, referred to here as the "lore," with an objective synthesis of the…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, Court Litigation, School Law, Educational Policy
Batiste, Maurice L. – ProQuest LLC, 2019
The very first federal law that affected a student with special needs was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA: Public Law 94-142) established in 1975 by the United States Congress. PL 94-142 required all schools that received federal funds to accept students with physical and mental disabilities and to educate these children in the…
Descriptors: Educational Technology, Technology Uses in Education, Students with Disabilities, Equal Education
Siegel, Velvet V. – ProQuest LLC, 2019
Through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) 2004, Congress calls for all states to identify students who are at risk for reading difficulties and then to use research-based instruction techniques appropriate for the child's needs, delivered by highly qualified teachers to educate all children. Response to…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, Reading Difficulties, Middle School Students, Public Schools
Lenz, Jonathan – ProQuest LLC, 2018
The educational policy Response to Intervention (RtI) was established in 2004 following the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA). In California, the policy has become known as Response to Intervention and Instruction (RtI[superscript 2]). RtI[superscript 2] represents an educational reform initiative that…
Descriptors: Response to Intervention, Educational Change, Educational Practices, Teacher Attitudes
Moore, Erica R.; Sabousky, Richard; Witzel, Bradley S. – Childhood Education, 2017
When discussing the eligibility determination of students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs), the legal obligation to identify, locate, and evaluate all children in need of specially designed instruction--child find--should also be in the forefront. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires public schools to initiate…
Descriptors: Inclusion, Response to Intervention, Eligibility, Public Schools
Zirkel, Perry A. – Exceptionality, 2017
Legally, the ultimate criterion for eligibility under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is whether the child needs special education. A new decision by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals suggests that providing various interventions and accommodations in general education might mean that a child who meets the criteria for any…
Descriptors: Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Equal Education, Federal Legislation
Schumacher, Robin F.; Zumeta Edmonds, Rebecca; Arden, Sarah V. – Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 2017
Promising findings from controlled research studies often fail to be transferred to and implemented in schools successfully. This problem is particularly apparent when considering implementation of evidence-based practices related to complex systems such as response to intervention (RTI) and other multitiered intervention frameworks in…
Descriptors: Mathematics Instruction, Response to Intervention, Evidence Based Practice, Learning Disabilities
Download full textDeMatthews, David E.; Knight, David S. – Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2019
State accountability systems have been a primary school reform initiative in the US for the past 20 years, but often produce unintended negative consequences. In 2004, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) implemented the Performance Based Monitoring and Analysis System (PBMAS), which included an accountability indicator focused on the percentage of…
Descriptors: Disabilities, Accountability, Eligibility, Program Implementation
Jenkins, J. Kevin; Sekayi, Dia – Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 2016
Traditionally, school systems have identified students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) by a measured gap between achievement and ability in a specific area. Recent amendments to the IDEA allowed for the use of alternative methods of identifying students with a SLD. Some states have responded by using Response to Intervention (RTI). This…
Descriptors: Teacher Attitudes, Response to Intervention, Learning Disabilities, Disability Identification
Johnson, Amy; Hutchins, Benjamin – Center for Education Policy, Applied Research, and Evaluation, 2019
As a response to the 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) federal statute, Maine enacted a rule requiring all schools to provide additional support to students who are not on track for meeting state learning standards beginning in 2012. One intent of the requirement was to improve student achievement, and another was to reduce…
Descriptors: Program Implementation, Response to Intervention, Disabilities, Educational Legislation
