To ensure a more uniform accounting system and better communication with its schools, the State of California is introducing a planning-programing-budgeting system in all its public school districts. Schools must (1) identify specific goals for the management of the school system, and (2) subdivide functional areas into manageable units. The use…

Author looks at three little discussed issues which throw doubts on the basic philosophy underlying the White Paper. (Editor/RK)

Discusses the implementation of Planning-Programming-Budgeting Systems in the educational system with an analysis of six objections to the innovation. (RK)

The zero-based budgeting approach is designed to achieve the greatest benefit with the fewest undesirable consequences. Seven basic steps make up the zero-based decision-making process: (1) identifying program goals, (2) classifying goals, (3) identifying resources, (4) reviewing consequences, (5) developing decision packages, (6) implementing a…

This manual presents a comparative analysis of New Jersey's requirements for "Thorough and Efficient" (T & E) education and the processes of Individually Guided Education (IGE). It is designed to provide guidance to IGE schools and districts in responding to specific program needs that might occur under the development of a T & E…

This document reports the activities of a workshop to describe and implement a planning, programing, budgeting system (PPBS) in the Beverly Hills Unified School District. During the workshop, the literature and the legal provisions were reviewed, the initial planning was accomplished, the program structured, and the goals identified. Further…

The implementation of a planning-programing-budgeting system (PPBS) of educational management has implications for teachers, legislators, and taxpayers, as well as for administrators. Teachers have a major responsibility for instructional improvement that can be accomplished by their writing behavioral objectives and planning instructional…

The basic purpose of this book is to provide a practical approach for the introduction and installation of a PPB system. Part one describes the components necessary for an operationalized PPB system, suggests methods of achieving those components, and attempts to illustrate some of the risks and problems involved in the developmental process. Part…

This manual was prepared by the Indiana State Department of Public Instruction to present an overall description and explanation of the Planning, Program, Budget System (PPBS) for schools. The manual is intended to provide Indiana educators with a common base of information as the first step toward statewide implementation of PPBS by July 1, 1977.…

A management-by-objectives project designed to provide a rational basis for implementing a programming-planning-budgeting evaluation system in the school district is summarized. The project goal was to design and implement an accountability model utilizing participative management as a tool for development. Three organizational phases involved in…

This handbook delineates the procedures recommended for the installation of a working planning, programing, budgeting system (PPBS). Primary emphasis is placed on the step-by-step implementation of such a management control system. The presentation repeats the implementation cycle for the four time periods involved: (1) current year's ongoing…

A program structure relates objectives and activities by identifying and measuring objectives (including all activities) and by allowing for growth. The process of program structuring categorizes the activities of education into programs according to their contribution to meeting education objectives and provides a format for the program budget.…

Evaluating alternatives provides both the reason for and the technique of program budgeting for educational planning. The activities demanded by the program budgeting system allow systematic choosing of a preferred course of action. Within this system, alternatives are considered in the context of all other programs. This document presents…

A fully developed planning, programing, and budgeting system comprises more than the program budget and its financial information; it is a system of analysis intended to assist the decisionmaker in choosing among alternative courses of action for the school district programs. Its most salient feature is its usefulness as a general analytical tool…

The planning, programming, budgeting system (PPBS) is an instrument to help policy-makers assign priorities and allocate resources. It does not seek to computerize what is essentially a political process, nor is it intended that the statisticians and cost accountants take over functions that properly belong to the political decision-maker. PPBS is…