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Tam, Angela Choi Fung – International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2021
The discourse around combining local, national and international languages constitutes an important issue in the global education agenda (Kirkpatrick and Chau 2008). Ideas about how trilingual education ought to be designed and implemented vary across stakeholders. This study explores (1) the beliefs which early childhood education (ECE -- ECE…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Early Childhood Education, Language Usage, Native Language
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Hardacker, Erin P. – European Education, 2013
The Educational Decree of 1863 was an effort by Spain to reform the Philippine colonial education system. The Decree established a complete system of education in the archipelago--it required two elementary schools in each municipality (one for girls and one for boys), standardized the curriculum, and established normal schools, thus making…
Descriptors: Educational Opportunities, Foreign Countries, Educational Change, Foreign Policy