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Direct linkAmy J. Heineke; Kristin J. Davin – Urban Education, 2025
The Seal of Biliteracy (SoBL) is a language education policy adopted by states to recognize students' biliteracy. Originally implemented in high schools to recognize graduating seniors, the initiative also includes pathway awards, which can be implemented in earlier grades to promote lengthier language study and increase biliteracy attainment.…
Descriptors: Language Planning, Bilingualism, Bilingual Education, Program Implementation
Wright, James; Whitaker, Ronald W., II; Khalifa, Muhammad; Briscoe, Felecia – Urban Education, 2020
This critical case study analyzes Michigan's implementation of Public Act 4 (PA4), also known as the "emergency management" (EM) takeover law. PA4 grants the state control of school districts with dire budgetary problems. As most U.S. school districts are citywide, PA4 gives the state direct control over all the (previously locally…
Descriptors: Neoliberalism, Educational Change, School Districts, School Turnaround
Vasquez Heilig, Julian; Ward, Derrick R.; Weisman, Eric; Cole, Heather – Urban Education, 2014
Top-down accountability policies have arguably had very limited impact over the past 20 years. Education stakeholders are now contemplating new forms of bottom-up accountability. In 2013, policymakers in California enacted a community-based approach that creates the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) process for school finance to increase…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Community Involvement, Educational Policy, Accountability
