In Ireland primary RE is a fractured, contested, complex and changing territory devoid of a common language and characterised by a proliferation of syllabi and curricula generated for increasingly diverse school types. For centuries the dynamic decolonising process has led to a questioning of former orthodoxies and an attempted de-linking of the…

The purpose of this article is to review four educational issues introduced by this author in previous articles (Beyer 2004, 2015) that faced the Kingdom of Hawai'i in order to investigate the educational policies taken to address these issues by the White Architects of Hawaiian education. The American Protestant missionaries, who arrived in…