Educators and researchers have analyzed various image data acquired from teaching and learning, such as images of learning materials, classroom dynamics, students' drawings, etc. However, this approach is labour-intensive and time-consuming, limiting its scalability and efficiency. The recent development in the Visual Question Answering (VQA)…

Eye tracking is becoming increasingly popular in physics education research (PER). As technology has advanced considerably in recent years and has become more user friendly, it is anticipated that eye tracking will play an increasingly significant role in assessing student learning at the process level in future studies. The main objective of this…

This article synthesizes the conclusions of the empirical studies in this special issue and outlines key questions in future research. The research reported in this volume has identified several fundamental issues in pronunciation-focused task design that are discussed in detail and on which suggestions for further research are outlined. One…