An emphasis on testing and external evaluation is likely to have a debilitating effect on both student motivation and the probability of continued interest; it should be substituted by capitilizing on pupils' natural physical and mental activity. (MB)

Because self-directed learning behaviors are inherently interwoven within a foundation of lifespan cognitive and contextual characteristics, researchers must examine the theory and application of self-directed learning not just as an externally-defined or self-perceived process but also as an internal process of continual development grounded in a…

This annotated bibliography focuses on individualized education, learning characteristics, and learning motivation. The reference book is intended to help teachers and administrators identify resources needed to develop teaching strategies based on up-to-date learning research and development. More than 500 technical reports, theoretical papers,…