When a program of innovative change is proposed for a school, it may well be possible to predict which of the various subsystems of the school will offer the most resistance. The group who are required to make the greatest modification in their normal procedures of operation will raise the highest level of resistance. (Author)

Despite substantial efforts to stimulate innovation in the public schools, little long-term change has been noted by observers. No firm data have been obtained to describe the innovative behavior of school systems longitudinally. The extensive literature has reinforced a permutational view of educational change as dependent on the given…

We propose a multidimensional model that can be used to formulate a research agenda that aims to explore how innovations in teaching and instruction influence the science of learning within educational contexts. This model depicts the complexity of relationships between variables within: classrooms, the total school program, and inside and outside…