A GENERAL SURVEY OF LITERATURE IN THE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT WAS MADE DURING THIS STUDY. THE REPORT SUMMARIZED RESEARCH WHICH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED BY VARIOUS AUTHORITIES IN THE FIELD. THE SUBJECT OF REINFORCEMENT WAS DIVIDED INTO--(1) THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING REINFORCEMENT, (2) POSITIVE REINFORCING STIMULI, CONSUMABLES, (3) POSITIVE REINFORCING…

THE SELECTION AND USE OF RESPONSE VARIABLES IN EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS USING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS WERE CONSIDERED AND ASSESSED. RESPONSE VARIABLES WERE DEEMED CENTRAL CONCERNS FOR EITHER THEORETICAL OR PRACTICALLY ORIENTED RESEARCH, AND THEIR COMPLEXITY WAS DEALT WITH UNDER THE HEADINGS OF APTITUDE INPUT MEASURES, REPEATED LEARNING MEASURES,…

The authors present a discussion about activities that learners perform when confronted with instructional stimuli. These activities are classified as mathemagenic activities. A review of the literature is presented to show various attempts made to optimize learning from various instructional systems. Three groups of hypothetical mathemagenic…

Reviews past research that examined which variables might affect learning from feedback and identifies areas that need further research. Topics discussed include feedback as reinforcement; modeling of the feedback cycle; response certitude; feedback elaboration; error analyses; and feedback and higher-level tasks. (65 references) (LRW)

The objective of the investigation reported here was to determine if selected teacher stimulus variation skills affected student learning from lecture. (Author)

Adequate improvement of education depends to some extent upon understanding behavior and learning within a social context. (JD)

In order to investigate learning theories, media researchers need to explore three variables: (1) the psychological requirements of a given learning task, (2) individual differences in cognitive style, and (3) specific media characteristics. It is necessary to identify the psychological processes which underlie any specific learning task in order…

To test some aspects of Skinnerian programed instruction, a 241-frame program on Swedish grammar was presented to students 10 to 12 years old. Skinnerian insistence on student-constructed overt responses and on presenting the "key answer" after each frame were contrasted with covert responses and key answer frequencies less than 100…

This book presents the cybernetic theory of learning and the evidence which supports it. Learning is more than the openloop forming of new stimulus-response associations--it is a process of reorganization of sensory feedback within a closed loop, or pattern, which increases the learner's level of control over his own behavior and the stimuli in…