This review of the literature analyzed twenty-eight survey instruments that were designed and validated by different researchers in order to measure teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge. The analysis was done to find out the nature and synthesis of survey items across domains of the technological pedagogical content knowledge…

Certain planned-missing designs (e.g., simple-matrix sampling) cause zero covariances between variables not jointly observed, making it impossible to do analyses beyond mean estimations without specialized analyses. We tested a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach by Cudeck (2000), which obtains a model-estimated…

Computational thinking (CT) is regarded as an essential twenty-first century competency and it is already embedded in K-12 curricula across the globe. However, research on assessing CT has lagged, with few assessments being implemented and validated. Moreover, there is a lack of systematic grouping of CT assessments. This scoping review examines…

This digest reviews the basic building blocks of a structured interview, points out some of the pitfalls in interviewing, and suggests ways for researchers to avoid these difficulties to produce questions that have the best possibility of generating reliable and accurate data on the topics of interest. The data collection instrument is a document…

A number of examples are presented to illustrate a common flaw in the published research on learning, memory, and instruction. Experimental subjects--often college students--have certain expectations about the problems they will be asked to solve and about the questions that will appear on reading comprehension or recall tests; these expectations…

The teacher who holds enlarged perspectives is regarded more highly than the teacher whose views tend to narrow perspectives. Since children will be influenced by their teacher's attitudes, an examination of the variables related to enlarged perspectives in teachers is pertinent to a broad education. This research looks at those variables among…

This manual explains how to construct a questionnaire. It is intended for the novice researcher who has little experience in questionnaire construction. The first seven chapters discuss the following seven stages in questionnaire development: (1) establishing the guiding questions; (2) operationalizing and clarifying the guiding questions; (3)…

A practical application of generalizability theory, demonstrating how the variance components contribute to understanding and interpreting the data collected to evaluate a program, is described. The evaluation concerned 120 learning modules developed for the Dental Auxiliary Education Project. The goals of the project were to design, implement,…

Work on the development of the intensive time-series design was initiated because of the dissatisfaction with existing research designs. This dissatisfaction resulted from the paucity of data obtained from designs such as the pre-post and randomized posttest-only designs. All have the common characteristic of yielding data from only one or two…