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Direct linkHamilton, Edward C. – Digital Education and Learning, 2016
In identifying a logic of commodification, commercialization, and automation as the essence of educational technology, critics of online education partake in a well-established tradition, stretching from Plato's declamations against writing in the "Phaedrus" to post war worries that television prophesied the era of the automatic student…
Descriptors: Automation, Educational History, Electronic Learning, Educational Technology
Hamilton, Edward C. – Digital Education and Learning, 2016
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) resolved the ambivalence of computers in favor of potentials aligned with organizational and pedagogical features of distance education. This "coding" of educational computing confirmed critical appraisals that identified computers with commercialization, commodification, and deskilling. But where…
Descriptors: Computer Assisted Instruction, Distance Education, Coding, Educational Technology
Hamilton, Edward C. – Digital Education and Learning, 2016
By the late 1990s, the evangelical discourse had displaced any sense that online education could be something other than a means of totalizing reform. The opposition between technology and tradition cut off a line of development through which conventional modes of education could be embodied in technology. Online education's adoption as a…
Descriptors: Educational History, Electronic Learning, Coding, Educational Change
