This paper examines, through historical analysis, the values and beliefs underpinning the early theories and applications of problem-based learning and contrasts these with current theory and practice. This study focuses on the first three decades of the twentieth century, because, during this time period, the use of projects in education became…

This annotated bibliography is a compilation of the research on programed instruction conducted in the United States since 1954. The introduction describes the field; looks back over the research and reviews some of its conclusions; answers the question whether students learn from programmed instruction; explains the characteristic variables; and…