Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative educational tool, enabling immersive learning environments that promote student engagement and understanding of complex concepts. However, despite the growing adoption of VR in education, there remains a significant gap in research exploring how generative artificial intelligence (AI), such as…

The globalization of educational processes has intensified the introduction of interactive learning forms. Education systems around the world have undergone transformation, modernization, and innovation. These processes also implied the implementation of advanced technological tools to improve the quality of teaching various subjects, including…

In science education, the abstraction and complexity of scientific concepts are usually stumbling blocks that prevent students from learning science. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has offered transformative potential to support scientific concept learning by visualizing scientific phenomena and enhancing students' experiences. However, the lack…

Virtual reality learning environment (VRLE), which allow students to transcend time and space and provide them with a sense of immersion, is becoming more common in education. Although many studies have explored the effects of VRLE on learners' learning outcomes as well as learning experiences, the results of these studies indicate that the…

Immersive technologies are assumed to have many benefits for learning due to their potential positive impact on optimizing learners' cognitive load and fostering intrinsic motivation. However, despite promising results, the findings regarding the actual impact on learning remain inconclusive, raising questions about the determinants of efficacy.…

Background: There are two major types of pictures that have been the focus of multimedia learning research, namely, seductive and interpretational pictures. Despite an increasing body of literature documenting the effects of either seductive or interpretational pictures added to text-based materials, there is a paucity of research explicitly…

This study examines the impact of instructor presence on cognitive load and learning outcomes in video-based learning environments, addressing a significant gap in optimising instructional design for digital education. Utilising eyetracking technology to measure pupil dilation, a reliable proxy for cognitive load, this research compares three…

In this research, we investigated whether the use of GeoGebra Augmented Reality (AR) can foster students in conceptualising a mathematical object by manipulating its different semiotic representations. We designed and implemented, with thirty university mathematics students, a teaching sequence on paraboloids using GeoGebra AR supported by…

This study was conducted to optimize the designs of learning guides embedded in a computer-based simulation environment. The research was based on the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Cognitive Load Theory. We investigated computer simulations under four conditions that combined representation and imagination learning strategies. This…

This study investigates the differential impacts of various online language assessment models--specifically, the Nonlinear Dynamic Individual-Centered Language Assessment (NDICLA), diagnostic assessment, and formative assessment--on the cognitive load and learning outcomes of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners within computer-assisted…

Educational technology is shifting toward facilitating personalized learning. Such personalization, however, requires a detailed understanding of students' problem-solving processes. Sequence analysis (SA) is a promising approach to gaining granular insights into student problem solving; however, existing techniques are difficult to interpret…

Background: Digital game-based learning (DGBL) has shown promise in enhancing learning and motivation, with appropriate scaffolding playing a crucial role in facilitating student inquiries and knowledge acquisition through science games. While scaffolding is generally effective in promoting learning in DGBL, there is variability among different…

This paper explores the distinctions and connections between AI literacy and AI fluency, drawing parallels with the historical development of other literacies such as computer literacy and digital fluency. The paper argues that while AI literacy focuses on understanding and evaluating AI technologies, AI fluency represents a higher-order…

These proceedings contain the papers of the 21st International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2024), held in Zagreb, Croatia, from 26 to 28 October 2024 and organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS). The CELDA conference aims to address the main issues…

Background: This study investigates the effect of immersion levels in virtual reality (VR) learning environments on the acquisition of declarative and procedural knowledge. Prior research indicates that immersion affects cognitive load, but its impact on declarative and procedural knowledge outcomes remains unclear. This study utilises a…