Since its ratification in 1965, the ESEA and its reauthorizations have shaped educational policy and funding in the US. However, while the ESEA has been positioned as a fundamental system of educational governance to ensure quality in the nation's education system, it has been criticized for inconsistent support of diversity and the promotion of…

Opportunity to learn via public education has origins in the mid-nineteenth-century as a response to Horace Mann's argument that educating girls as well as boys would build a collectively more prosperous society. Over the years, educational reform through the judicial and legislative branches of government has continued to balance opportunity to…

To comply with federal Title IX regulations concerning gender equity in college sports, colleges and universities are increasingly dropping men's athletic teams rather than support women's teams. By 1999, institutions must prove they have made progress toward compliance. The difficult decision to terminate teams is often also controversial; some…

Responding to compelling evidence of gender inequity and a systematic campaign of political pressure to redress these inequities, Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681) prohibiting sex discrimination in all aspects of education in institutions receiving federal financial assistance. At the time Title IX was…

Throughout Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the number of female athletes rose 5% from 1996-1997 to 1997-1998. Spending on scholarships for women increased 14%; for men it was up 10%. However, women are still far less likely than men to participate in intercollegiate sports. Participation rates and trends at 306…

For one woman, federal legislation forbidding sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal funds has made it possible to return to college on an athletic scholarship after almost two decades of waiting. Since passage of the law, the average number of sports available to women at colleges and universities and the number of women…

A Brown University (Rhode Island) case study illustrates how colleges and universities can view Title IX, which mandates gender equity in intercollegiate athletics, not as a threat but as a means for providing opportunities to advance women student athletes; debate the meaning of equal opportunity; encourage presidents and boards to greater…

The following remarks were made by the U. S. Acting Assistant Secretary for Education: America has made progress in education and social justice but many problems (high school dropouts, jobs not commensurate with employee skills and abilities, and unsatisfying work) are far from solved. Current programs and Federal career education initiative have…

The extent of sex segregation in vocational and technical education (VTE) in U.S. high schools nearly 30 years after passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 was examined in a national study. The key findings were as follows: (1) sex segregation is pervasive in high school-level VTE nationwide; (2) sex segregation results in…