Background: Adaptive educational systems have gained increasing attention due to their ability to personalise educational content based on individual learner progress. Prior research highlights that intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and adaptive courseware models improve learning outcomes by dynamically adjusting instructional materials.…

In the Singapore primary school Mathematics curriculum, students are taught the model method that uses bar diagrams to visualize the problem structure in a given word problem. When these students progress to secondary school, they learn the algebraic way of solving word problems. Studies (e.g. Ng et al.) have shown that poor bridging of students…

The study was conducted to investigate the relation of adolescent students' mathematics motivation and achievement to their appropriate help-seeking and inappropriate guessing behaviour while using instructional software. High school students (n = 90) completed brief assessments of mathematics motivation and then worked with software for geometry…