Educational virtual environments (EVEs) can enable effective learning experiences on various devices, including smartphones, using nonimmersive virtual reality (VR). To this purpose, researchers and educators should identify the most appropriate pedagogical techniques, not restarting from scratch but exploring which traditional e-learning and VR…

This study investigated how the format of verbal instructions in computer simulations and prior knowledge (PK) affected 8th graders' cognitive load (CL) level and achievement in a multimedia learning environment. Although PK was not found to significantly affect student performance and CL level, instruction format was found to impact both.…

Drawing on game-design principles and an underlying situated theoretical perspective, we developed and researched a 3D game-based curriculum designed to teach water quality concepts. We compared undergraduate student dyads assigned randomly to four different instructional design conditions where the content had increasingly level of…