The framework of Tharp and Gallimore (1988) was adapted to form a ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) Model of Mathematical Proficiency that identifies two interacting kinds of learning activities: instructional conversations that assist understanding and practice that develops fluency. A Class Learning Path was conceptualized as a classroom path…

Describes a knowledge-based tutoring system which provides pupil interaction with the microcomputer to diagnose pupils' errors in subtraction operations. Current subtraction methods; nature and origin of subtraction errors; and the structure, achievements, and future developments of the computer system are included. Thirteen references and a…

Research on structural learning theory is reviewed as a base for designing computer-assisted instruction programs. An intelligent "Rule Tutor" emphasizing diagnosis and remediation for whole number concepts is described. (MNS)

This evaluation study with 94 elementary students (50 with mild mental handicap) compared computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and paper-and-pencil practices in promoting automatization of basic addition and subtraction skills. Findings suggested CAI was more effective but that the students with mental handicap required more practice than…

Discussion of elementary school mathematics instruction focuses on computer graphing programs to teach subtraction that use pictorial representations as well as graphs. Classroom graphing activities for first graders are described, and evaluations of student progress based on pre- and posttests are discussed. (two references) (LRW)

Two training procedures were constructed to teach children with learning deficiencies to solve simple addition and subtraction word problems. Each training procedure was evaluated in a separate multiple baseline design across subjects. The experiments were designed to prepare for the development of computer assisted training programs. Two female…