In this study, relationships were examined among three aspects of the implementation of complex instruction, an innovative approach to teaching in heterogeneous classrooms. These three aspects were: (1) teachers' use of the complex instruction strategies in the classroom; (2) systematic and comprehensive feedback received by teachers from the…

The analysis of conceptual issues related to the perception and use of knowledge by classroom teachers and school administrators in improvement programs, specifically in urban elementary reading programs, was the primary goal of this study. To begin, a distinction was made between knowledge sources that constitute the initial bases for program…