The present research sought to determine if primary school students differentiate between classes that are challenging and those that are difficult, and how these distinctions relate to their motivation and achievement. Results indicated that there are three types of challenges/difficulties. "Challenging" classes are those that are…

This study examines the relationship between features of the social classroom environment (teacher support, student support, teacher promotion of interaction) and three types of student engagement (behavioral, emotional, cognitive) in mathematics, mediated by motivational beliefs (mastery goal orientation, self-efficacy), with a focus on student…