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Schulz, Thomas J. – ProQuest LLC, 2019
This study compared the effects of high-tech (e.g., clickers) and low-tech (e.g., response cards) active responding strategies during whole-group English language arts in two first-grade classrooms serving students with and without disabilities. The authors combined an ABAB reversal design with an alternating treatments design to compare the…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 1, Student Behavior, Student Reaction

Novak, Gary; Hammond, J. Mark – Journal of Educational Research, 1983
Researchers used four token reinforcement systems--tokens only, descriptive praise, self-reinforcement, and a combination of all three--and observed the effect on the problem solving performance of fourth-grade reading students. Only students using the combination reward system maintained their progress after tokens were withdrawn. (Authors/PP)
Descriptors: Behavior Modification, Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Grade 4