Relatively little research has explored whether schools differ in their effectiveness for different group of pupils (e.g. by ethnicity, poverty or gender), for different curriculum subjects (e.g. English, mathematics or science) or over time (different cohorts). This paper uses multilevel modelling to analyse the national test results at age 7 and…

In an effort to determine reinforcement and its effectiveness among Mexican American migrant and non-migrant children, 2 tests, the Children's Locus of Control Scale and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and some questions were administered to 60 first and second graders from 2 elementary schools in Laredo, Texas. It was expected that Mexican…

Urban Head Start graduates were compared with comparably poor Pre-K graduates in this longitudinal study, in an effort to evaluate the long-term effects of the Head Start program. A sample of 227 children were included in an analysis of third-grade report cards, standardized Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) achievement scores, and a…