Response technologies (RTs), also termed clickers or student response systems, have gained traction among researchers in classrooms in recent years. RTs encompass various interactive tools and technologies that are pivotal in modern educational settings. Numerous articles emphasize the effectiveness of RTs across multiple grades and courses.…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots, with their ability to engage in conversations that resemble human interactions, have been increasingly applied to language teaching. Most recent review studies overlook student learning outcomes and the methods to achieve these outcomes in chatbot-supported language learning. Activity Theory (AT) offers a…