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Willingham, Daniel T. – American Educator, 2002
Asserts that getting students to apply their knowledge in new situations is important, noting that reaching this goal generally requires that students have a large share of knowledge of the relevant topic. Describes rote versus inflexible knowledge, explaining that inflexible knowledge is the normal foundation for expertise and discussing how…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Higher Education, Knowledge Level, Learning
Broudy, Harry S. – Capstone Journal of Education, 1981
Delineates four uses of schooling: replicative (rote), applied, associative, and interpretive learning. Argues that on the first two uses, by which schooling is ordinarily judged, the curriculum fails. Calls on curriculum researchers to demonstrate the school's role in developing the associative and interpretive uses of knowledge necessary to…
Descriptors: Accountability, Critical Thinking, Curriculum Research, Educational Objectives
