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De Bono, Edward – Phi Delta Kappan, 1983
This study emphasizes the relationship of perception to thinking and explains direct teaching of thinking. Without clarity of seeing and creativity, perception is shown to become narrow patterning. The Cognitive Research Trust program is recommended for teaching thinking skills using transferable thinking "tools." Self-images of students…
Descriptors: Creative Thinking, Critical Thinking, Decision Making Skills, Elementary Secondary Education

Ceci, Stephen J. – Developmental Psychology, 1991
Reviews the literature on the relationship between schooling, IQ, and the cognitive processes presumed to underpin IQ. The data suggest the importance of quantity of schooling for IQ. Schooling fosters the development of cognitive processes that underpin performance on IQ tests. This development is unrelated to the quality of schools. (BC)
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Adolescents, Attendance, Children